Citation :

Hari Shanker N R, Francis Jennifer, Vipul Sanjeeth, 2026. "Metabolomic Adaptation And Redox State: Effects Under Stress In Human Disease And On Immune Response" ESP International Journal of Emerging Multidisciplinary Research [ESP-IJEMR]  Volume 2, Issue 2: 16-30.

Abstract :

The ability of organisms to constantly adjust to variably changing environmental and physiological conditions is required for cellular survival. Metabolic rewiring and redox regulation are among the crucial adaptive mechanisms, operating as interactive networks that maintain cellular homeostasis under stress. Cellular stress may be directly the result of a number of factors, including hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, inflammation, infection, mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative imbalance deregulation (aging), endoplasmic reticulum stress or toxic environmental exposures. Under these challenging conditions, cells have to implement broad and far-reaching metabolic and biochemical reprogramming to sustain ATP generation, redox homeostasis recovery, and immune signal pathway regulation. Although these adaptive responses are vital for survival, chronic, and/or deregulated metabolic and redox modifications play critical roles in the progression of many diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM), autoimmune disorders (AID) and long-term inflammatory syndrome. The recent interface between immunometabolism and redox biology has clarified that cellular metabolism is not just an energy supply but rather a fundamental orchestrator of immune responses, gene expression, signalling pathways, and cellular fate. (Nature) Metabolic rewiring is a dynamic process that results from organisms rearranging with respect to metabolic pathways according to cellular stress or as external environmental pressures change. Under stressful conditions, cells change their battery of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and mitochondrial substrates for optimal ATP output and biosynthetic processes. Amongst its most recognized hallmarks is the preferential rewiring of metabolic processes toward aerobic glycolysis as opposed to oxidative phosphorylation, known as the Warburg effect. While originally thought to be restricted to the catabolic state of tumour cells, this has since been recognized in other settings such as activated immune cells [5], hypoxic tissues [6] and inflamed microenvironments [7]. Increased glycolysis leads to rapid ATP production and supply of metabolic intermediates necessary for nucleotide synthesis, lipid biosynthesis and cytokine production. At the same time, mitochondrial metabolism is reprogrammed

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Keywords :

Metabolism, redox balance, oxidative stress, immunity, inflammation, adaptation, signalling, disease, mitochondria, antioxidants.